Scarcity of running water and "The Dwarf" by Cho Se-hui": The Dwarf tapeworm










Cho, Se-hŭi, Bruce Fulton, and Ju-Chan Fulton. The Dwarf. , 2006. Print.
First published in 1978
 난장이가 쏘아 올린 작은 공 "A Little Ball that a dwarf launches"

1962:  18% piped water connections
1971:  intestinal helminth egg positive rate was 84.3% 
(Ascaris 58.2%, Trichuris 65.4%, and hookworms 10.7%)

helminth eggs: life-threatening malnutrition, anemia, immunodeficiency

Surveys every five years from 1971 to 2004
about 1975: wastewater collection and treatment facilities
1976: 63.2% 
 The Dwarf1978: first published, collection of previously published chapters
1981: 41.1% 
1986: 12.9%
1992: 3.8%
1997: 2.4%
2004: 4.3% 
(Ascaris 0.03%, Trichuris 0.02%, and hookworms 0%)

from CDC hymenolepiasis


https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2532657/ Hong, Sung-Tae et al. “A successful experience of soil-transmitted helminth control in the Republic of Korea.” The Korean journal of parasitology vol. 44,3 (2006): 177-85. doi:10.3347/kjp.2006.44.3.177 
Soil-transmitted helminths (STH), namely Ascaris, Trichuris and hookworms (Ancylostoma and Necator), present a global health problem to about a half of the earth's population
To promote the control, a non-governmental organization named Korea Association for Parasite Eradication (currently Korea Association of Health Promotion) was founded in 1964, and mass fecal examination followed by selective mass chemotherapy with anthelmintics was performed twice a year from 1969 to 1995 targeting whole nationwide schoolchildren. 
During the control period, [the] national economy rapidly developed, and living standards including environment, sanitation, and agricultural technology greatly improved, which undoubtedly boosted the STH control effects. 
Our experience indicates that social driving force to establish an eligible national control system to conduct repeated mass chemotherapy, together with improvement of environment and sanitation, is important for initiating and achieving STH control in a developing community.
"We would like to greatly appreciate people who were involved in national quinquennial surveys from 1971 to 2004 and the school-based STH control program from 1969 to 1995 performed by the KAHP (formerly KAPE) and Ministry of Health and Welfare, Republic of Korea. This study was supported by the Korean studies grant from Seoul National University, Seoul, Republic of Korea (2002)"

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hymenolepis_nana  Dwarf tapeworm (Hymenolepis nana, also known as Rodentolepis nana, Vampirolepis nana, Hymenolepis fraterna, and Taenia nana) is a cosmopolitan species though most common in temperate zones, and is one of the most common cestodes (a type of intestinal worm or helminth) infecting humans, especially children.


from December 2020 presentation, HCC Faculty Reading Circle

Creation notes:
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